language.psy.auckland.ac.nz : Austronesian : Crows : Bantu :

Language: Proto-East Mindanao

Source/Author:  Andrew Gallman 
Notes:  Gallman, Andrew Franklin. 1997. Proto East Mindanao and its Internal Relationships. Philippine Journal of Linguistics, Special Monograph Issue No. 44. Manila, Philippines: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.

Apostrophes signify stress, not glottal stops. Proto-forms given in Gallman (1997) are often only reconstructed for lower-level branches.

PNEM = Proto-North East Mindanao (ancestral to Surigaonon, Tausug, Butuanon, Mamanwa)
PCEM = Proto-Central East Mindanao (ancestral to Kamayo, Davawenyo)
PSEM = Proto-South East Mindanao (ancestral to the Mansakan languages of Mansaka, Mandaya, Kalagan)
 
Data Entry:  Typed By: Andrew C. Hsiu  Checked By:  
Statistics:   
Classification:  Austronesian:Malayo-Polynesian:Philippine 
Map  Sorry, no map co-ordinates found for this language. 

Resources:

Change History:

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Entries:

ID: Word: Item: Annotation: Cognacy: Loan:
1 hand *alima PNEM, PCEM 1  
2 left *wala      
3 right      
4 leg/foot *siki foot, lower leg    
5 to walk *panaw   2  
6 road/path *dalan   1  
7 to come      
8 to turn word info *likuq PCEM    
8 to turn word info *birik PCEM, PNEM    
9 to swim *laŋuy   1  
10 dirty *ripaq      
11 dust *abug      
12 skin *panit PCEM, PNEM    
13 back word info *likud   1  
14 belly *tiyan PCEM, PNEM    
14 belly *dɨbdɨb PNEM, PSEM    
15 bone *bɨ'kɨg      
16 intestines *tinaqi   1  
17 liver *atay      
18 breast *susu   1  
19 shoulder *abaga      
20 to know, be knowledgeable *tigaw PCEM, PSEM    
21 to think *isip PCEM, PNEM    
21 to think *dɨmdɨm thought, PNEM, PSEM    
22 to fear *hadlɨk      
22 to fear *talaw to be afraid to do something, PNEM, PSEM    
23 blood *duguq      
24 head *ulu   1  
25 neck *liqɨg      
26 hair word info *buhuk      
27 nose *iruŋ      
28 to breathe *-hawa PNEM    
29 to sniff, smell *simhut PNEM    
30 mouth *baqbaq   1  
31 tooth *untu PCEM, PSEM    
32 tongue *dilaq   4  
33 to laugh *katawa PCEM, PNEM    
34 to cry *tiyahuq PCEM    
35 to vomit *suka      
35 to vomit *digwaq PNEM    
36 to spit *lɨdaq PNEM    
37 to eat *kaqan PCEM, PSEM    
38 to chew word info *sɨpaq to chew something    
39 to cook word info *lutuq      
40 to drink *inɨm      
41 to bite *baŋaq      
41 to bite *kɨtkɨt to gnaw    
42 to suck *sɨpsɨp      
43 ear *taliŋa   1  
44 to hear *dɨŋɨg      
45 eye *mata   1  
46 to see *kitaq      
47 to yawn *sigqab PCEM, PNEM    
48 to sleep *turug      
49 to lie down word info *kulaŋ PNEM, PSEM    
50 to dream *-inɨp PNEM, PSEM    
51 to sit *(l)iŋkud      
52 to stand *(t)indɨg      
53 person/human being      
54 man/male *ɨsɨg      
55 woman/female *babayi PCEM 1  
55 woman/female *bubayi PCEM 1  
56 child *anak offspring 1  
57 husband *bana   1  
58 wife *asawa      
59 mother *inaq      
60 father *amaq      
61 house *balay      
62 thatch/roof *a'tɨp      
63 name *ŋaran      
64 to say      
65 rope *lubid      
66 to tie up, fasten *bɨgkɨt      
66 to tie up, fasten *hɨkɨt      
67 to sew word info *tahiq   1  
68 needle *dagɨm      
69 to hunt word info *anup      
70 to shoot word info      
71 to stab, pierce *duŋgab      
71 to stab, pierce *tigbak PCEM, PNEM    
72 to hit word info      
73 to steal *kawat      
74 to kill *patay   1  
74 to kill *bunuq   1  
75 to die, be dead      
76 to live, be alive *buhiq PCEM, PNEM    
77 to scratch word info *kalut      
78 to cut, hack word info *tigbas PNEM    
79 stick/wood *kahuy tree    
80 to split word info *bɨlaq PNEM, PSEM    
81 sharp      
82 dull, blunt *dɨmpɨr PNEM    
83 to work word info      
84 to plant *tanɨm      
85 to choose *piliq   1  
86 to grow word info *tubuq PCEM, PNEM 1  
87 to swell word info *hubag PCEM    
88 to squeeze word info *pisgaq      
88 to squeeze word info *kɨpɨg PNEM    
89 to hold word info *kaput PCEM    
90 to dig *kabut PCEM, PNEM    
91 to buy *bili      
91 to buy *palit      
92 to open, uncover *ukab      
92 to open, uncover *bukas PSEM    
93 to pound, beat word info *bayu   1  
93 to pound, beat word info *bunal   1  
94 to throw word info *timbag      
95 to fall word info *hulug      
96 dog *iduq      
97 bird *laŋgam PCEM, PSEM    
98 egg *itlug      
99 feather *bulbul      
99 feather *lawi      
99 feather *barhibu PCEM, PNEM    
100 wing *kapay PNEM, PSEM    
101 to fly *lɨpad PNEM    
102 rat *ambaw      
103 meat/flesh      
104 fat/grease *tabaq      
105 tail *ikug      
106 snake *halas PNEM    
106 snake *sawa python    
107 worm (earthworm) *wa'ti earthworm    
107 worm (earthworm) *ulud PNEM, PSEM    
108 louse word info *kutu   1  
109 mosquito      
110 spider *lawaq   1  
111 fish *isdaq      
112 rotten word info      
113 branch word info *saŋa PNEM, PSEM    
114 leaf *dahun   1  
115 root *gamut      
116 flower *bulak   22  
116 flower *burak   22  
117 fruit *buŋa      
118 grass      
119 earth/soil *lupaq      
120 stone *batu   1  
121 sand *buhaŋin      
122 water word info *tubig      
123 to flow      
124 sea *dagat      
124 sea *lawɨd      
125 salt *a'sin      
126 lake *danaw   1  
127 woods/forest *guraŋan      
128 sky *laŋit   1  
129 moon *bulan   1  
130 star *bituqun      
131 cloud word info *gabun   1  
131 cloud word info *labun   1  
132 fog      
133 rain *uran      
134 thunder *dalugdug PNEM    
135 lightning *kilat   1  
136 wind *haŋin PCEM, PNEM 1  
137 to blow word info *huyup      
138 warm word info      
139 cold word info *tignaw cold (as of water)    
139 cold word info *hagkɨt to be cold, PNEM    
140 dry word info *tahay PCEM, PNEM    
141 wet *basaq      
142 heavy *bɨqgat      
143 fire *atulun PSEM    
144 to burn word info *sunug      
145 smoke word info *ɨbɨl PSEM    
146 ash *abu      
147 black *itɨm      
148 white *putiq      
149 red *pula      
150 yellow *dalag      
150 yellow *lalag      
151 green *hilaw PNEM    
152 small *gamay PNEM    
153 big *dakulaq      
154 short word info *hayupuq PCEM, PNEM    
155 long word info *habaq      
156 thin word info *nipis      
157 thick word info      
158 narrow      
159 wide *luqag PNEM    
160 painful, sick *sakit   1  
161 shy, ashamed      
162 old word info *laqas PNEM    
163 new *baq'gu      
164 good *dayaw      
165 bad, evil *raqat      
166 correct, true      
167 night      
168 day *adlaw      
169 year *tuqig      
169 year *tahɨn PNEM    
170 when? word info      
171 to hide word info *taguq      
172 to climb word info *panik      
172 to climb word info *dalag PNEM    
172 to climb word info *sa'ka to climb a hill, PCEM, PNEM    
173 at      
174 in, inside *sɨlɨd      
175 above *ba'baw top of, surface of    
176 below *dalɨm      
177 this      
178 that *iyan PCEM, PNEM    
179 near *lapit PSEM    
179 near *rapit PCEM    
180 far *(ha)rayuq      
181 where? word info *haqin      
181 where? word info *diqin PNEM, PSEM    
182 I *aku      
183 thou *ikaw      
184 he/she      
185 we word info *kita   1  
186 you *ka'mu      
187 they      
188 what? word info *unu      
189 who? word info *siqnu      
190 other *laqin PCEM, PNEM 2  
191 all      
192 and      
193 if *kun      
193 if *kuŋ      
194 how? word info *unuhun PNEM    
195 no, not      
196 to count *bilaŋ   2  
196 to count *ihap PCEM, PNEM 2  
197 One word info *isa   1  
198 Two word info *duha   1  
199 Three word info *tulu PNEM, PSEM    
200 Four word info *upat      
201 Five word info *lima   1  
202 Six word info *ɨnɨm PNEM, PSEM    
203 Seven word info *pitu   1  
204 Eight word info *walu PNEM, PSEM 3  
205 Nine word info *siyam PNEM, PSEM    
206 Ten word info      
207 Twenty word info *ruhaq PNEM    
208 Fifty word info      
209 One Hundred word info *gatus      
210 One Thousand word info *libu PCEM, PNEM    

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